Prevención primaria del VIH en población inmigrante: análisis de concepto / Prevenção primária do HIV na população imigrante: análise conceitual / Primary HIV prevention in the immigrant population: concept analysis

The strategies established for HIV prevention directed at immigrant populations are diverse and not very specific about the characteristics of these groups. Objective: To analyze the concept of "primary prevention of HIV in the immigrant population". Methodology: The steps suggested by Walker and Avant were followed, so a structured review of the literature in dictionariesand databases (Embase, Pubmed and Ebsco) was carried out. Results: There is no evidence of theexistence of a definition on the specific term, so a proposal is made that encompasses the strategiesidentified in the literature, specific in this population. Conclusions: primary prevention of HIV inmigrants is identified as a great opportunity to strengthen coverage of universal access to vulnerablepopulations, as well as being a complex process that requires a multidisciplinary approach in structural, biomedical and behavioral areas that are developed with the axis being adaptations to cultural needs. (AU)

Las estrategias establecidas para la prevención de VIH dirigidas a poblaciones inmigrantes, son diversas y poco específicas sobre las características de estos grupos. Objetivo: Analizar elconcepto de “prevención primaria del VIH en población inmigrante”. Metodología: Se siguieron lospasos sugeridos por Walker y Avant, por lo que Se realizó una revisión estructurada de la literaturaen diccionarios y bases de datos (Embase, Pubmed y Ebsco). Resultados: No se reporta evidencia dela existencia de una definición sobre el termino especifico, por lo que se realiza una propuesta queenglobe las estrategias identificadas en la literatura, especifica en esta población. Conclusiones: laprevención primaria del VIH en migrantes se identifica como una gran oportunidad para fortalecerla cobertura de acceso universal a poblaciones vulnerables, además de ser un proceso complejo querequiere de un abordaje multidisciplinario en esferas estructurales, biomédicas y conductuales quese desarrollen con el eje ser de adaptaciones a las necesidades culturales. (AU)

As estratégias estabelecidas para a prevenção do HIV direcionadas às populações imigrantes são diversas e pouco específicas sobre as características desses grupos. Objetivo: Analisar o conceito de "prevenção primária do HIV na população imigrante". Metodologia: Foram seguidas asetapas sugeridas por Walker e Avant, sendo realizada uma revisão estruturada da literatura emdicionários e bancos de dados (Embase, Pubmed e Ebsco. Resultados: Não há evidências da existência de uma definição sobre o termo específico, portanto é feita uma proposta que engloba as estratégias identificadas na literatura, específicas nessa população. Conclusões: A prevenção primária doHIV em migrantes é identificada como uma grande oportunidade para fortalecer a cobertura doacesso universal a populações vulneráveis, além de ser um processo complexo que requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar em áreas estruturais, biomédicas e comportamentais desenvolvidas com oeixo sendo adaptações às necessidades culturais. (AU)

Analysis and description of the stages of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy.

BACKGROUND: Biofilms are a highly structured consortia of microorganisms that adhere to a substrate and are encased within an extracellular matrix (ECM) that is produced by the organisms themselves. Aspergillus fumigatus is a biotechnological fungus that has a medical and phytopathogenic significance, and its biofilm occurs in both natural and artificial environments; therefore, studies on the stages observed in biofilm formation are of great significance due to the limited knowledge that exists on this specific topic and because there are multiple applications that are being carried out. RESULTS: Growth curves were obtained from the soil and clinical isolates of the A. fumigatus biofilm formation. The optimal conditions for both of the isolates were inocula of 1 × 106 conidia/mL, incubated at 28 °C during 24 h; these showed stages similar to those described in classic microbial growth: the lag, exponential, and stationary phases. However, the biofilms formed at 37 °C were uneven. The A. fumigatus biofilm was similar regardless of the isolation source, but differences were presented according to the incubation temperature. The biofilm stages included the following: 1) adhesion to the plate surface (4 h), cell co-aggregation and exopolymeric substance (EPS) production; 2) conidial germination into hyphae (8-12 h), development, hyphal elongation, and expansion with channel formation (16-20 h); and 3) biofilm maturation as follows: mycelia development, hyphal layering networks, and channels formation, and high structural arrangement of the mycelia that included hyphal anastomosis and an extensive production of ECM (24 h); the ECM covered, surrounded and strengthened the mycelial arrangements, particular at 37 °C. In the clinical isolate, irregular fungal structures, such as microhyphae that are short and slender hyphae, occurred; 4) In cell dispersion, the soil isolate exhibited higher conidia than the clinical isolate, which had the capacity to germinate and generate new mycelia growth (24 h). In addition, we present images on the biofilm's structural arrangement and chemical composition using fluorochromes to detect metabolic activity (FUNI) and mark molecules, such as chitin, DNA, mannose, glucose and proteins. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first time that, in vitro, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of the stages of A. fumigatus biofilm formation have been presented with a particular emphasis on the high hyphal organization and in diverse ECM to observe biofilm maturation.